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Government and CIA Program History

History of the President's Surveillance Program and the DOJ/OLC Torture Memos

A Detailed Chronological History of "The Program", the CIA/OMS, from the NIH Laboratory of Neural Control, to the DOJ/OLC "Torture Memos" and "CIA Tapes" scandal, it's role in the Global War on Terror", and a government Special Access Program that spans over two decades.

1950 - 1974, CIA "Technical Services Division and "MKULTRA"

1950

The U.S. Supreme Court’s decision in Feres v. United States, 340 U.S. 135 (1950), emboldened the CIA to dramatically expand the use of military personnel as test subjects, confident that they would be insulated from liability.

April, 1953

In April, 1953, The Acting Deputy Director of Plans for the CIA, Richard Helms, sent a memorandum to the Director of Central Intelligence (DCI) Allen W. Dulles, authorizing a program in which the CIA "Techical Services Division" (TSD) sought to develop chemical and biological materials "capable of clandestine operations to control human behavior".

July 26, 1963

CIA Inspector General J.S. Earman, conducted an investigation and review of the MKULTRA program activities on July 26, 1963, and his report includes the 1953 memorandum from Richard Helms, to DCI Allen W. Dulles. The Report by Inspector General Earman disclosed that by 1955, the "Techical Services Division" (TSD) "initiated a program for covert testing of materials on unwitting U.S. Citizens" (pg.7). The 1963 CIA IG Report disclosed significant information;

  • The IG report recommended "termination of such testing in the United States", condemned the program as being "repulsive", that the program "places the rights and interests of U.S. Citizens in jeopardy" (pg.2).
  • Warned that the activity could induce "serious adverse reaction in U.S. public opinion" (pg.2).
  • Operations details state that the "program is conducted through standing arrangements with specialists in universities (and) private research institutions" (pg.7).
  • One glaring fact that emerges from the 1963 CIA IG Report is the disclosure that "the final phase of testing of materials involves their application to unwitting subjects in normal life settings (and) the capabilities of MKULTRA substances to produce disabling or discrediting effects or to increase the effectiveness of interrogation of hostile subjects cannot be established solely through testing on volunteer populations..."(pg.10).
  • The CIA/TSD office was authorized exclusive control of all administration, records and financial accountings and the program was exempt from audit until later in fiscal years '60-'63, it was found that the program used 20% of the CIA/TSD total annual R&D budget during a ten year span of the programs existence.
  • Evaluating the materials on different races, genders, ages, and nationalities was stated to be "of great significance" and included "all social levels... high and low" (pg.12).
  • The IG Report noted that officials "also maintain close working relationships with local police authorities... (to) protect the activity in critical situations" (pg.13).
  • "A significant limitation on the effectiveness of such testing is the infeasibility of performing scientific observation of results" (pg.12).
  • "No effective cover story appears to be available" (pg.14).
  • "Present practice is to maintain no records of the planning and approval of test programs" (pg.14)
  • "Of more critical significance however is the risk of serious damage to the Agency in the event of compromise of the true nature of this activity. A test subject may on some occassion in the future, correctly attribute the cause of his reaction and secure independent professional medical assistance in identifying the exact nature of the (materials) employed, and by whom." "An extreme reaction could lead to (a) request for cooperation from local authorities in suppressing information of the situation." "risks of compromise and resulting damage to the CIA has led the Inspector General to recommend termination of this phase..." and "existing checks and balances do not afford senior command of CIA adequate protection against the high risks involved" (pg.16).
  • While the IG Report flatly acknowledges the use of "unwitting U.S. Citizens", foreign nationals were also to be used... specifically, the report states; "it does not follow that termination of covert testing of MKULTRA materials on unwitting U.S. citizens will bring the program to a halt... Some testing on foreign nationals has been occurring under the present arrangements" (pg.15).
  • The report disclosed that CIA/TSD "initiated 144 projects relating to the control of human behavior during the ten years of operation of the MKULTRA program" (pg.21), and included "devices for remote measurement of physiological processes" (pg.22).

The 1963 IG Report would remain classified until 1974 when it was discovered by the commissions investigating in the wake of the Nixon era "Watergate" scandal. It should be noted that Dick Cheney was part of the Nixon Administration. View the 1963 CIA Report from Inspector General J.S. Earman

1973

The desire to maintain "plausible deniability" conflicted with record retention policies. In 1973, CIA Director Richard Helms ordered all MK-ULTRA files destroyed. Pursuant to this order, most CIA documents regarding the project were destroyed so that US Government responsibility for the experiments is not evident to unauthorized persons and that if uncovered, the US Government can plausibly disclaim any responsibility for them.

1974

In December 1974, The New York Times reported that the CIA had conducted illegal domestic activities, including experiments on U.S. citizens, during the 1960s. That report prompted investigations by the U.S. Congress, in the form of the Church Committee, and by a presidential commission known as the Rockefeller Commission that looked into domestic activities of the CIA, the FBI, and intelligence-related agencies of the military.

1975

In the summer of 1975, congressional Church Committee reports and the presidential Rockefeller Commission report revealed to the public for the first time that the CIA and the Department of Defense had conducted experiments on both unwitting human subjects as part of an extensive program to influence and control human behavior through the use of psychoactive drugs and other chemical, biological, and psychological means. They also revealed that at least one subject had died. Also, a considerable amount of credible but circumstantial evidence exists suggesting that Theodore Kaczynski, also known as the Unabomber, participated in CIA-sponsored MK-ULTRA experiments conducted at Harvard University from the fall of 1959 through the spring of 1962. During World War II, Henry Murray, the lead researcher in the Harvard experiments applied for a grant funded by the United States Navy and Kaczynski, beginning at the age of sixteen, participated along with twenty-one other undergraduate students in the Harvard experiments, which have been described as "disturbing" and "ethically indefensible".

1977

Although the CIA insists that MK-ULTRA-type experiments have been abandoned, 14-year CIA veteran Victor Marchetti has stated in various interviews that the CIA routinely conducts disinformation campaigns and that CIA mind control research continued. In a 1977 interview, Marchetti specifically called the CIA claim that MK-ULTRA was abandoned a "cover story" (Id. "Interview with Victor Marchetti", http://www.skepticfiles.org/socialis/marcheti.htm).

1988 Progress reignites Program

May, 1988

William Heetderks, Deputy Director at the Laboratory of Neural Control, National Institutes of Health (NIH/NINCDS), submitted a paper titled "RF Powering of Millimeter and Submillimeter Sized Neural Prosthetic Implants" that was published in May 1988 in IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering". The document states "U.S. Government Work not protected by copyright", and presents technical data about using an RF signal of 2 to 20MHz to communicate and power up to 600 submillimeter sized neural prosthetic devices implanted in the cortical surface of a subject, and acknowledges the Director of the NINCDS Program, F.T. Hambrecht. The ability to power the devices with an RF signal is significant because the elimination of a bulky battery component is eliminated resulting in the submillimeter size. View the IEEE Submillimeter Paper

March 10, 1989 - March 09, 1999

The Alfred Mann Foundation, in 1989, was awarded the first of several renewable, non-competitive research contracts for the development of implantable microstimulator devices under the National Institutes of Health "Neural Prosthesis Program" (NIH/NINDS/NPP). The contracting officer was William Heetderks, the author of the 1988 IEEE "Submillimeter" paper, and the Mann contracts continued the efforts described in Heetderks' paper. Previously, Alfred Mann was a Defense contractor supplying the Army with Tank weapons guidance electronics and satellite solar panels. View a portion of the contract work

1994

In 1994, the group at the NIH Laboratory of Neural Control received approval to implant a human volunteer subject with 38 intracortical electrodes for a visual prosthesis and the patient later died. The fallout was significant... Fred Hambrecht stepped down as Director of the program and the Acting Director of the NINDS, Audrey Penn, issued a public statement that the NIH would be abandoning further use of human subjects relative to intracortical electrodes citing safety and efficiacy issues. It was not until two years later after her death that a paper titled "Feasibility of a Visual Prosthesis for the Blind based on Intracortical Microstimulation of the Visual Cortex" was published in a medical journal (Brain, 1996, 119 p.507-522). The death of the research subject was questionable because it actually assisted in a milestone as it prevented any other research groups outside of the Intelligence Community from ever gaining access to the same technology or discovering it's capabilities. The discovery and knowledge of the technology and capabilities was now securely confined within the small group at the NIH Laboratory of Neural Control.

March 1992 to March 1995

Joseph Schulman, President of the Alfred Mann Foundation and Principal Investigator continues to work under funding from Heetderks and NIH/NINDS/NPP contract #NO1-NS-2-2322 (March 1992 - March 1995).

1997

Under government "Special Access Program" provisions, the research activities at the Mann Foundation began to use unwitting U.S. Citizens as research subjects, unlawfully, and without consent. The research required that the biofeedback data from biomedical devices implanted in subjects be analyzed and compared on a timeline to traditional audio video surveillance of the subjects. This was necessary to correspond and relate the data from implanted devices to the subjects actual activities displayed in the traditional surveillance. The Mann Foundation addressed this challenge by gaining the cooperation of James T. Bennett, Chief Engineer at Empire Burbank Studios. James Bennett was being compensated for providing traditional surveillance of studio employees on Beta format tape which was easily captured throughout the television production workday.

Joseph Schulman, President of the Alfred Mann Foundation and Principal Investigator under NIH/NINDS/NPP contract #N01-NS-5-2325 establishes a 224.840MHz radio repeater network in Los Angeles using his amateur FCC license (K6BWA) and licenses in the names of his wife (KA6UFC) his son (N6EHD), and others. Progress Report #1 submitted to Heetderks indicates that a patent application for "Suspended Carrier Telemetry" has been applied for and is intellectual property discovered under the support of the U.S. government. Joseph Schulman and co-investigator Gerald Loeb (former Laboratory of Neural Control faculty) submit dozens of Patents in 1997 including "System for Monitoring a Patient" and others.

Gerald Loeb began "double blind" radiology testing at Queens University in Canada to determine what device construction was capable of avoiding detection by clinical radiologists. It was determined that the Tantalum that had been routinely used in other medical devices was not sufficient because trace amounts of other contaminant metals was causing a contrast artifact during radiology. Schulman reported in a QPR that they were "stymied for 4 months" because a lawyer for the Tantalum supplier did not want to provide Tantalum for a implant because "silicon sounded too much like silicone" and was a liability (this was a poorly crafted excuse as the same tantalum had already been used in thousands of cochlear implants and pacemakers). In response to the special need Tantalum and the inability to source a completely pure Tantalum, the government created it's own manufacturer, Greatbatch, and gave them a security clearance.

One of the most disturbing aspects of the planned research on Americans was the administration of Testosterone for behavior modification. Gerald Loeb submitted U.S. Patent #6,175,764 which described impregnating the epoxy coating of devices with testosterone and the ability to deliver it in a controlled fashion to "supplement or enhance the effects of electrical stimulation". The top coverof using testosterone to treat "disuse atrophy" has previously been exhausted in prior research and deemed ineffective, so Loeb and Schulman again placed blame on the vendor by stating in a Progress Report that they pursued the research based on claims from the vendor, Dr. Schafie of Innovative, that this was "special testosterone", and it was determined after the research failed to treat disuse atrophy that the vendor "misrepresented" the product. The attached paper to the Progress Report did however note "increased rage and promiscuity" when circulating levels of tesosterone were elevated by 3000% and 5000% respectively.

March 1997 Empire Studios

After John Latushko, the General Manager for Empire Burbank Studios presented me with an opportunity to work on stage as a Utility Manager and Stage Manager on various VH1/MTV Television productions, I was told by numerous employees that a woman who previously leased office space at the studio had accused Bennett of "some unknown form of electronic harrassment" as part of a hysterical departure in tears. It was also disclosed that Bennett had recently been caught after hours in the human resources office making photocopies of numerous employee employment applications and personnel files. I was unaware at the time, but the Mann Foundation was using the employees of Empire Burbank Studios as it's pool of guinea pigs and the Chief Broadcast Engineer, James T. Bennett, was assisting by providing traditional audio video surveillance footage of employees to contract personnel on BETA format tape, and additional intel in the form of photocopied employment applications. After accepting this job, Gerald Loeb placed biomedical devices fabricated under contract in my person.

In the Quarter PRIOR to March 1997, Schulman submits Quarterly Progress Report #9 to Heetderks which states "We now have working implants with bidiectional telemetry in order to support the upcoming human trials supported under other auspicies of this contract".

In the Quarter AFTER March 1997, Schulman submits a Quarterly Progress Report which states "As requested, we have tighted up the traceability and documentation of all prototype devices produced" under contract. Apparently, the NIH desired plausible deniability and requested that all devices be accounted for. Schulman accomplished this by stating that they had received an entire shipment of "defective: devices, and that the vendor "promptly refunded" the Mann Foundation. During my personal communication with the CEO of the vendor company, Tom Wolf stated that Schulman was never refunded and that instead, Schulman simply stated that he "couldn't pay for the work, and couldn't say why", and added that Schulman "made good" on this failure to pay by channeling $6 million dollars worth of business to the vendor from MiniMed and Advanced Bionics. Mr. Wolf went on to say that the balance remained on his books as an outstanding debt, but that he did not intend to pursue it because of the influx of business Schulman gave him.

In Quarterly Report #5, it was disclosed that a ISDN line was established between Queens University and the Mann Foundation for remote terminal sessions. The ISDN line was permitting Loeb to log into Mann Foundation servers from Queens University in Canada which were coupled via Schulmans radio repeaters to research subjects in Los Angeles. This was evidently a effort to insulate Loeb as well as the government from legal liability in the event the activities were compromised.

1998 - 2000

Between 1998 and 2000 the FBI was non responsive to complaints. After months of deferring to the FBI, a Los Angeles Police Department crime report was eventually generated in 1998 that documents the March 1997 assault and the report was only made after months of resistance. Efforts were made to provoke violence and to prompt me into making accusations that would be perceived as absurd. This included an instance in which Bennett piped a live video feed into a puppeteer monitor I was rigging on stage and which displayed my home under surveillance. These efforts were obviously intended to diminish my credibility and conceal the activities. The physical abuse between 1997 and 2001 was unabated and intelligence personnel exploited the lack of evidence and conducted themselves so that any attempt to disclose their criminal acts would seem ludicrous. The abuse was sufficient enough to cost me numerous jobs and to hospitalize me. During this time Loeb made repeated attempts to cause me to believe that other federally funded research personnel were responsible for the abuse. The behavior modification and rage induced by tge testosterone was so severe that my Mother authored a declaration that described "frothing at the mouth" and bloodwork verified elevated levels. There were repeated efforts by both Jim Bennett and contract personnel to make Bennett the focal point, and it was clear that Bennett willingly played this riole. The abuse did provoke a response and caused me to begin a campaign of financial warfare against Bennett. When provoked, I would vandalize the windshield on his truck which continued over three consecutive nights and 3 brand new windhields. While the acts were intentionally confined to misdemeanor acts of vandalism, Bennett improvised and falsely claimed he was behind the pane of glass, that I attempted to "assault" him, and the assault charge was reduced to a misdemeanor. I had no recourse or defense so this was simply an effort to deter the daily abuse which was systematically and irreversibly eroding my quality of life on a daily basis.

2000

In 2000, following Bush's inauguration, the program was upgraded and prioritized. Loeb was no longer relegated to Queens University and a laggy ISDN line connection from Canada. Under Bush, Heetderks was now funding Loeb at the University of Southern California using funds appropiated by Congress for Children's health research at the NICHD. The contract was a carve out SAP that had DARPA MTO/MEMS Program Manager William Tang posing as a Berkely Professor and receiving funding as a co-investigator while he was appointed full time in Arlington as a Program Manager.

I attempted to distance myself from the radio repeaters in Southern California. In 1999 and 2000, the telemetry link was limited to the proximity of Los Angeles and clearly my departure was undesirable from a research prospective. Jim Bennett delayed my departure by two months by claiming he had family in Texas and was opposed to my relocation. When I did depart, it was only for two weeks when information warfare and disinformation displaced me immediately upon arrival. The trip bankrupt me and my vehicle expired en route. Upon return, I secured employment as a Systems Manager overseeing the Windows and IBM AS/400 network of three locations with additional duties debugging a Visual Basic software program and tidying psuedocode. The abuse while on the job caused me on numerous occassions to yelp or cry in pain while at my desk and to walk of the job in tears and excruciating pain.

2001

In July of 2001, the increasing abuse caused medical devices to become infected and the tissue inflammation caused implanted devices to be rejected and recovered as evidence. Between July 2001 and September 09, 2001, I sent emails to Dept. of Defense and National Institutes of Health Officials alleging criminal and scientific research misconduct, and misappropriation of funds that were appropriated by Congress to the NICHD for Children's Health Research, and requested information on formal procedure to initiate investigations. Within a number of weeks, the Bush Administration began using war on terror provisions to squelch all of my communications and to justify using war on terror provisions against me and my family. I would later learn that this included fabrication of false intelligence data that was collected and disseminated despite the fact that they knew it was erroneous and lacked integrity. The big challenge for the Bush Administration was now to justify deploying such tools on innocent Americans and being deceptive about when it began to do so.

See the following:

Disclosure to Subcommittee Investigating CIA
Disclosure to House Intelligence Subcommitee on Investigations Chairwoman Jan Schakowsky regarding investigation of CIA activities. Disclosure urges referral to Dept. of Justice and defunding of the agency.

CIA Inspector General Report from 1963 discloses details of the program upon which the current program is based.
The 1963 program is Exhibit B in "Vietnam Veterans of America v. CIA", case filed 1/07/2009.

FBI declaration
Why I bought a typewriter. Unauthorized remote computer access and obstruction

ODNI DIA Intelligence Composite 03/18/2009
Erroneous intelligence was fabricated and collected under the Bush Administration, which lacked integrity, and was knowingly provided to incoming Obama administration personnel as part of efforts to justify overzealous amd unlawful intelligence activities under HUMINT/Dx program.The actions by Bush Administration personnel harmed national security and was selfishly motivated as part of efforts to conceal criminality.

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